Mahatma Gandhi - 1029 Words

Mahatma GandhiMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Gujarati: à ª ®Ã  «â€¹Ã  ª ¹Ã  ª ¨Ã  ª ¦Ã  ª ¾Ã  ª ¸ à ªâ€¢Ã  ª °Ã  ª ®Ã  ªÅ¡Ã  ªâ€šÃ  ª ¦ à ªâ€"à ª ¾Ã  ªâ€šÃ  ª §Ã  «â‚¬, pronounced [moË Ã‰ ¦Ã‰â„¢nÃŒ ªdÃŒ ªaË s kÉ™rÉ™mÊ ¨Ã‰â„¢nÃŒ ªdÃŒ ª É ¡aË nÃŒ ªdÃŒ ªÃŠ ±iË ] ( listen); 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He pioneered satyagraha—resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence, which helped India to gain independence, and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is often referred to as Mahatma Gandhi ([mÉ™É ¦aË tÃŒ ªmaË ]; Sanskrit: à ¤ ®Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ®Ã  ¤ ¾ mahÄ tmÄ  or Great Soul, an honorific first applied to him by Rabindranath Tagore),[1] and in India also as Bapu (Gujarati: à ª ¬Ã  ª ¾Ã  ª ªÃ  « , bÄ pu or†¦show m ore content†¦The story of Harishchandra, a well known tale of an ancient Indian king and a truthful hero, haunted Gandhi as a boy. Gandhi in his autobiography admits that it left an indelible impression on his mind. He writes: It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number. Gandhis early self-identification with Truth and Love as supreme values is traceable to his identification with these epic characters.[5][6] In May 1883, the 13-year old Mohandas was married to 14-year old Kasturbai Makhanji (her first name was usually shortened to Kasturba, and affectionately to Ba) in an arranged child marriage, according to the custom of the region.[7] Recalling the day of their marriage he once said that As we didnt know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives. However, as was also the custom of the region, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents house, and away from her husband.[8]Show MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi : Gandhi ( Gandhi )1176 Words   |  5 PagesKaramchand Gandhi, also known as Gandhi Ji, Mahatma Gandhi and Bapu. He was a nationalist leader in India, known for establishing freedom in India from British through nonviolent movement. He professed the term’s passive resistance and civil disobedience insufficient for his work, however he devised a term called, Satyagraha (truth and firmness). He worked hi s whole life for peace and freedom in India, which I think, is something to be acknowledged by millions of people. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wasRead MoreGandhi : The World Of Mahatma Gandhi1320 Words   |  6 Pages 2016 Research Paper: Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi, better known to the world as Mahatma Gandhi is one of the world’s main faces when we think or talk of the Indian independence movements, women’s rights and all around freedom for humanity. This individual used strategies and tactics of his own to achieve justice for the Indian culture while he was alive. Gandhi also worked to reform traditional Indian society in India as he was a mahatma, a Hindu term in the Hindu religion meaningRead MoreMahatma Gandhi Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesMahatma Gandhi Mohandas Gandhi, known as Mahatma Gandhi. Also known as Mahatma the great soul, was the father of modern India. He originally came from Western India, a city called Porbandar. He was born on 2nd October 1869. Gandhi was on of the youngest of the three sons of Karamchand Gandhi, who was a Prime Minister successively in Porbandar, Rajkot and Vankaner States. Gandhis mother was Putlibai, Karamchand Gandhis fourth wife. In 1876 he attended a primaryRead MoreEssay On Mahatma Gandhi1859 Words   |  8 PagesGandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in the small western Indian state of Porbandar under the name Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Ghandi s Life) . When Gandhi was finished with high school, he entered a small Indian college, the Samaldas College at the University of Bombay (Mahatma). After beginning his education here, however, he decided he disliked and traveled to the University College London, leaving his wife and infant son (Ghandi s Life). It was while attending school in London that he initiallyRead MoreMahatma Gandhi As A Pragmatism1136 Words   |  5 PagesMahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi) was born on 2nd October 1869 at Porbander Gujarat. Ghandi was born into a middle-class family, he had his early education at Rajkot, he married to Kasturba. Then he went to England for higher studies. He was an average student in his early childhood. He returned to India as barrister. He went to south Africa and did practice as a lawyer. He fought for the rights of Indians living there. He left his practice and came back to India. He had worked for theRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : Assassination Of The Five Affiliating Universities769 Words   |  4 PagesMAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY- PROFILE Mahatma Gandhi University, one of the five affiliating universities in Kerala, is the premier educational institution that strives to fulfil the higher educational needs of the people of Central Kerala. Set on the sprawling 110-acre campus called Priyadarshini Hills at Athirampuzha, 13 kms off Kottayam, the University also has seven satellite campuses in parts of Kottayam and the neighbouring districts. The University was established on 2ndRead MoreEssay on Mahatma Gandhi1642 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY ON MAHATMA GANDHI Mahatma Gandhi was born in the Porbandar city of Gujarat in october 2nd, 1869. His father name is Karamchand Gandhi, the diwan of Porbandar, and his wife, Putlibai. Since his mother was a Hindu of the Pranami Vaishnava order, Gandhi learned the tenets of non-injury to living beings, vegetarianism, fasting, mutual tolerance, etc, at a very tender age. Mohandas was married at the age of 13 to Kasturba Makhanji and had four sons. He passed the matriculation exam at SamaldasRead MoreThe Assassination Of Mahatma Gandhi1912 Words   |  8 Pages Synthesis Essay- Mahatma Gandhi MSgt Tiffany J. Jones Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy Mahatma Gandhi 504. 240. 2,555. 6. The number 504 represents the hours spent fasting in hunger strikes against racial injustice. The number 240 represents miles journeyed in protest against unjust taxes. The number 2,555 represents the number of days in prison for civil disobedience. The number 6 represents the number of assassination attempts made. What do those numbersRead MoreEssay on The Life of Mahatma Gandhi695 Words   |  3 PagesAs a child, Mahatma Gandhi (October 2nd, 1869 – January 30th, 1948) he was a shy, quiet boy and considered an average student. He did not show any exceptional qualities, but that made the world that much more intrigued when he became the one of the world’s most respected religious figures. Like the rest of us, Gandhi wasn’t perfect. He experimented with smoking, stealing and eating foods such as meat that were frowned upon in his religious upbringing. By the age of 13, he married his wife KasturbaRead MoreMahatma Gandhi Research Paper1409 Words   |  6 Pages Mahatma Gandhi was a public figure that led India to their release of Great Britain taxes and rule. Mahatma Gandhi was born October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India where his mother and father (Karamchand Gandhi and Putlibai Gandhi) raised him into a 6 sibling family. Mahatma Gandhi attended Samaldas Arts College in 1891 as that’s where he got most of the education at the college level. Gandhi had 4 sons with his wife Kasturba Gandhi who was born in 1833 and later passed in 1944. Mahatma was later assassinated

What Is Alphas Statistical Significance

Not all results of hypothesis tests are equal. A hypothesis test or test of statistical significance typically has a level of significance attached to it. This level of significance is a number that is typically denoted with the Greek letter alpha. One question that comes up in a statistics class is, â€Å"What value of alpha should be used for our hypothesis tests?† The answer to this question, as with many other questions in statistics is, â€Å"It depends on the situation.† We will explore what we mean by this. Many journals throughout different disciplines define that statistically significant results are those for which alpha is equal to 0.05 or 5%. But the main point to note is that there is not a universal value of alpha that should be used for all statistical tests. Commonly Used Values Levels of Significance The number represented by alpha is a probability, so it can take a value of any nonnegative real number less than one. Although in theory any number between 0 and 1 can be used for alpha, when it comes to statistical practice this is not the case. Of all levels of significance, the values of 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01 are the ones most commonly used for alpha. As we will see, there could be reasons for using values of alpha other than the most commonly used numbers. Level of Significance and Type I Errors One consideration against a â€Å"one size fits all† value for alpha has to do with what this number is the probability of. The level of significance of a hypothesis test is exactly equal to the probability of a Type I error. A Type I error consists of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true. The smaller the value of alpha, the less likely it is that we reject a true null hypothesis. There are different instances where it is more acceptable to have a Type I error. A larger value of alpha, even one greater than 0.10 may be appropriate when a smaller value of alpha results in a less desirable outcome. In medical screening for a disease, consider the possibilities of a test that falsely tests positive for a disease with one that falsely tests negative for a disease. A false positive will result in anxiety for our patient but will lead to other tests that will determine that the verdict of our test was indeed incorrect. A false negative will give our patient the incorrect assumption that he does not have a disease when he in fact does. The result is that the disease will not be treated. Given the choice, we would rather have conditions that result in a false positive than a false negative. In this situation, we would gladly accept a greater value for alpha if it resulted in a tradeoff of a lower likelihood of a false negative. Level of Significance and P-Values A level of significance is a value that we set to determine statistical significance. This ends up being the standard by which we measure the calculated p-value of our test statistic. To say that a result is statistically significant at the level alpha just means that the p-value is less than alpha. For instance, for a value of alpha 0.05, if the p-value is greater than 0.05, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis. There are some instances in which we would need a very small p-value to reject a null hypothesis. If our null hypothesis concerns something that is widely accepted as true, then there must be a high degree of evidence in favor of rejecting the null hypothesis. This is provided by a p-value that is much smaller than the commonly used values for alpha. Conclusion There is not one value of alpha that determines statistical significance. Although numbers such as 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01 are values commonly used for alpha, there is no overriding mathematical theorem that says these are the only levels of significance that we can use. As with many things in statistics, we must think before we calculate and above all use common sense.

The Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1493 Words

Romantic period authors, like Nathaniel Hawthorne, a prevalent example of a Romantic author from the 19th century, believed that people were getting too reliant on on science. Romantics were literary rebels who wrote about strong emotions, the supernatural, and the power of nature. The writing style of the previous century was known as the Age of Reason, the authors thought emotion was unnecessary; they loved science and wrote a lot of non-fiction. The romantics wanted to remind people that there was nothing more powerful than human emotion and nothing more beautiful than nature. According to Jules Zanger, Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"suggests his resistance to the expansive materialism of America s new technology as well as to the excessive spirituality of its philosophers.† The short story, â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne articulates the obsession with human perfection through symbols, characters’, and narrator. Aylmer, a man devoted entirely to his science, marries Georgiana, a beautiful young woman with a single â€Å"earthly imperfection† (291). This imperfection is in resemblance of a tiny â€Å"crimson hand† (292) and is clearly visible on the left cheek of Georgiana. The hand is often associated with the power and the strength of Divinity or God. In the Old Testament, in particular, the hand of the Lord represents â€Å"God in the wholeness of his power and instrumentality (Chevalier and Brant 466). Furthermore, the birthmark itself is both a symbol for the downfall ofShow MoreRelatedThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesA birthmark as referred to in this short story is the â€Å"Differences of temperament†, the inborn traits someone can develop. In Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Birthmark there are many different themes such as, nature versus science, and perfection. We see Aylmer struggle with his own temperament. For him the birthmark becomes the symbol of Georgiana’s flawed humanity, which he tries to alternate. Throughout the story, we come across several observances of otherness revolving around â€Å"The Birthmark†. AylmerRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne873 Words   |  4 PagesThe Birthmark is a story by Nathaniel Hawthorne the carries vast amounts of symbolism in its pages. It’s a story that you can pretty much look at anything that is involved and see how it carries some type of underlying meaning that either helps the character development or means something entirely different. The basis of the story is similar to that of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, which only came out about 20 years before The Birthmark. For the most part the story is about human imperfection andRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe Birthmark Nathaniel Hawthorne like many other writers during the nineteenth century focused their writings on the darker aspects of life. â€Å"The Birthmark,† is set in New England and has a Puritan perspective. Aylmer, a well-known scientist, marries Georgiana who has a hand shaped birthmark upon her face. After some time during their marriage Aylmer and Georgiana decided to remove the mark through scientific means. Advancements in science and the ability to change nature were at the center ofRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne2570 Words   |  11 PagesRawan Jabr Professor Stafford English 102 November 9th 2014 Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Birthmark† â€Å"The Birthmark† is a short story authored by Nathaniel Hawthorne and published in 1848. The story is about Aylmer, a brilliant scientist who is obsessed with science and is planning to use his experiments to remove a birthmark on the face of his wife Georgiana. Aylmer’s love for science made him yearn to obtain control of the entire divinity. His wife was among his victims of science that was strongerRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1185 Words   |  5 PagesAli Qutab Honor American Literature â€Å"The Birthmark† : Essay #4 December 30th, 2015 The Effect of Nature on the Scientific Ego of Aylmer Throughout, â€Å"The Birthmarkâ€Å", by Nathaniel Hawthorne, symbolism and imagery are used to show that Aylmer s attempt to perfect something natural is the cause of Georgiana s death and that when man manipulates something as powerful as Nature, terrible things can occur. Aylmer is a scientist whose strives for perfection and is blinded by his love for science, resultingRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1707 Words   |  7 PagesMany of Nathaniel Hawthorne s stories are based off of morality and is heavily influenced by religious beliefs and women. Hawthorne published The Birthmark, a parable, dark romanticism, at a time when people praised the scientific method and were starting to think science could make anything possible. He set his story about sixty years earlier in the 160-year-long wake of the Newtonian Revolution, in the Age of Enlightenment, when science was gaining recognition. His story argues that, despiteRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne923 Words   |  4 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne s â€Å"The Birthmark†, we find the tragic story of a woman named Georgiana who sacrificed her life for the sake of appeasing her husband, Aylmer. What did Georgiana do that it was more favorable for her to die than to continuing to displease her husband? Georgiana, who was otherwise hailed as incomparably beautiful, had a birthmark on her face. Aylmer desired this to remove this birthmark, which he considered the one thing keeping her from being â€Å"perfect†, from her face. In anRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne913 Words   |  4 Pagesstory The Birthmark, Nathaniel Hawthorne used Aylmer and his wife Georgiana to display that no person can be perfect. He does this by using Aylmer obsession with perfection and science. His wife Georgiana beauty is amazing and almost perfect, except for a crimson scar on her check that looks like a hand. Aylmer wants to remove the mark that symbolizes imperfection, sin, and mo rtality; though it could result in death. In the act, he is acting like God. Hawthorne’s argument in The Birthmark is our imperfectionsRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Birthmark Criticism Analysis The short story â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1843 at the beginning of the largest feminist movement in the United States of America which occurred between the years 1840 and 1920 (National). Furthermore, during the 1830s and 1840s there were many women who spoke out about women’s rights. They argued for many changes with one of them being a social change in their duties to be subdominant to males. They rallied around the prohibition by fightingRead MoreThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne1081 Words   |  5 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"The Birthmark†, the narrator immediately reveals Aylmer’s unusual obsession to his wife’s, Georgiana, hand-like birthmark. Aylmer’s abnormal obsession is so extensive, the birthmark even consumes him in his sleep dreaming of an operation for the removal and cringing anytime he sees it. Georgiana is completely in love with Aylmer that she’ll do an ything to make him happy, even jeopardize her own life undergoing procedures to remove the birthmark. Within the narrative

Essay on Creon as the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone

Creon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone This essay will compare two of the characters in â€Å"Antigone†, Antigone and Creon, in an effort to determine the identity of the tragic hero in this tale. To identify the tragic hero in Sophocles’ renowned play â€Å"Antigone†, we should first consider both the elements present in Greek tragedies and what characteristics define a tragic hero. Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is: â€Å"Tragedy is a story taking the hero from happiness to misery because of a fatal flaw or mistake on his part. To be a true tragic hero he must also elicit a strong emotional response of pity and fear from the audience. This is known as catharsis or purging of emotion.† In most cases the tragic hero begins†¦show more content†¦This illustrates that although she begins the play in misery she continues to suffer throughout the play. Antigone has a possible flaw in that she is too stubborn and persistent to obey Creon’s order; â€Å"I know my duty, where true duty lies† (Antigone, 128). Her punishment then encourages feelings of pity from the audience because her deed was honorable and respectful towards her brother Polynices. The chorus supports this view by bidding her a respectful farewell when she is taken away, â€Å"But glory and praise go with you lady† (Antigone, 148). Antigone is also very proud, and this may have contributed to her death. Even when she is caught she remains strong and defends herself by claiming that the chorus thinks that her act was honorable, â€Å"All these would say that what I did was honorable† (Antigone, 139). This causes Creon to remain angry with Antigone, â€Å"you are wrong, none of my subjects think as you do† (Antigone, 140). If she had been more patient and less defensive, Creon may not have been as harsh in the punishment he set for her . Creon, who received the throne after the banishment of Oedipus, begins â€Å"Antigone† with high status as the king of Thebes. He is fortunate to be honored as Thebes’ appointed king during her triumph over the army of Polynices, â€Å"Creon, son of Menoeceus, Whom the gods have appointed for us in our recent change of fortune† (Antigone, 130). AfterShow MoreRelated Creon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesCreon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone There has always been a bit of confusion as to the tragic hero of the Greek Drama Antigone. Many assume that simply because the play is named for Antigone, that she is the tragic hero. However, evidence supports that Creon, and not Antigone, is the tragic hero of the play. Examining the factors that create a Greek Tragedy, and a tragic character, it is clear that the tragic hero is in fact Creon. First, take into account the timeframe in whichRead MoreEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone997 Words   |  4 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone?   This question has been the subject of a great debate for numerous years.   Equal arguments exist that portray Antigone as the tragic heroine in the play and Creon as the tragic hero.   Aristotle, in his study of Greek drama entitled Poetics, provided the framework that determines the tragic hero of a work.   Though Antigone definitely possesses the characteristics and qualities thatRead More Creon is the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Creon is the Tragic Hero of Antigone nbsp; When the title of a play is a characters name, it is normally assumed that the character is the protagonist of the play. In Sophocles Antigone, most people probably believe Antigone to be the tragic heroine, even after they have finished watching the play. It may be argued, however, that Creon, not Antigone, is the tragic character. When we examine the nature and concept of the Greek Tragedy and what it means to be a tragic character, it becomesRead More Creon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesCreon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Since the play’s inception, there has always existed a contention concerning the true hero of Sophocles’ Antigone. It is a widely held belief that Antigone must be the main character simply because she and the drama share name. This is, of course, a very logical assumption. Certainly Sophocles must have at least meant her to be viewed as the protagonist, else he would not have given her the play’s title. Analytically speaking, however, Creon doesRead MoreEssay on Creon As The Tragic Hero Of Antigone by Sophocles781 Words   |  4 PagesCreon As The Tragic Hero Of Antigone by Sophocles Greek tragedy would not be complete with out a tragic hero. Sophocles wrote Antigone with a specific character in mind for this part. Based on Aristotle’s definition, Creon is the tragic hero of Antigone. Creon fits Aristotle’s tragic hero traits as a significant person who is faced with difficult decisions. Creon is significant because he is king. This makes him both renowned and prosperous. Creon is not completely good nor completely bad;Read MoreEssay on Creon The Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone723 Words   |  3 PagesCreon The Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Every Greek tragedy must have a tragic hero. In Sophocle’s play, Antigone, the most tragic hero is Creon. He is an essentially good man of high position who takes pride in his role as king. He possesses the tragic flaws of excessive pride and an oversized ego. This causes the tragic reversal that leads to his emotional ruin and eventual remorse and repentance. As King of Thebes, Creon is forced to make difficult decisions. As a new ruler, he feelsRead MoreEssay about The Tragic Hero Creon in Antigone by Sophocles818 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play, Antigone by Sophocles, at first glance readers assume that Antigone is the tragic hero. However, this is not the case. Although Antigone does display some characteristics of a tragic hero, I believe that Creon is the true tragic hero. For many readers, it may be a challenge to see Creon as the tragic hero; however, when you take a second look at the play, you can see that Creon displays every quality of a tragic hero. Creon’s power and pride as well as going against the gods all leadRead More Creon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay1908 Words   |  8 PagesCreon as the Ideal Tragic Hero of Antigone Tragedy always involves human suffering, but not everyone who suffers is a Tragic Hero. According to Aristotle, there are five basic criteria that must be met for a character to be considered a Tragic Hero. Aristotle’s ideas about tragedy were recorded in his book of literacy theory titled Poetics. In it he has a great deal to say about the structure, purpose and intended effect of tragedy. His ideas have been adopted, disputed, expanded, and discussedRead MoreEssay about Creon Defines the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone762 Words   |  4 PagesAntigone - Creon Defines the Tragic Hero   Ã‚   Antigone, written by Sophocles is a tale of a tragic hero who suffers with the recognition and realization of his tragic flaw. Although this short story is titled after Antigone, Creon is the main character and he provides the moral significance in the play. First, Creon withholds the respect of his citizens but it is clear to them he is not perfect through his pride (tragic flaw). Secondly, his radical reversal of fortune is made clear afterRead MoreEssay about The True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Tragic Hero of Creon in Sophocles Antigone There has always been a great debate over who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone. Many scholars would stake claim to Antigone possessing all the necessary characteristics of a true tragic hero, but many others would argue that Creon holds many qualities as well. It is hard to discount Antigone as a tragic hero, because in fact, the play bears her name, but from careful reading, Creon meets Aristotles criteria exactly and fits

Organizational Behavior Chapter 17, Notes Free Essays

Institutionalization A condition that occurs when an organization takes ona life of its own, apart from any of its members, and acquires immortality. When an organization becomes institutionalized, it takes on a life of its own, apart from its founders or any of its members. When an organization becomes institutionalized, it becomes valued for itself, not merely for the goods or services it produces. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior: Chapter 17, Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now It acquires immortality. If its original goals are no longer relevant, it doesn’t go out of business. Rather, it redefines itself. Institutionalization operates to produce common understandings among members about what is appropriate and, fundamentally, meaningful behavior. 3 So when an organization takes on institutional permanence, acceptable modes of behavior become largely self-evident to its members. As we’ll see, this is essentially the same thing that organizational culture does. So an understanding of what makes up an organization’s culture and how it is created, sustained, and learned will enhance our ability to explain and predict the behavior of people at work. rganizational culture A system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. There are seven primary characteristics that, in aggregate, capture the essence of an organization’s culture: 1. Innovation and risk taking. The degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks. 2. Attention to detail. The degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail. 3. Outcome orientation. The degree to which management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to achieve those outcomes. 4. People orientation. The degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. 5. Team orientation. The degree to which work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals. 6. Aggressiveness. The degree to which people are aggressive and competitive rather than easygoing. 7. Stability. The degree to which organizational activities emphasize maintaining the status quo in contrast to growth. How to cite Organizational Behavior: Chapter 17, Notes, Papers

Outsourcing and Quality Management

Question: Discuss about the Outsourcing and Quality Management. Answer: Introduction: One of the crucial management strategies is Outsourcing which plays an important role in the progress of business organizations. There are a lot of activities in outsourcing; they are third party contracts, transfer of human resources and various assets to other companies, off shoring, transfer of the businesses from one to other stakeholders and many others. As per Lukic (2012), the primary objectives of outsourcing are giving a competitive edge to the organization by empowering and improving the business, to improve the core competencies of the business and to add value to the organization by reducing the cost of the operations. All these above mentioned aspects affects the performance development of the retail sector on the long term basis. As per Dolgui and Proth (2013), the definition of outsourcing is the act which obtains finished and semi-finished products or services from an outside company if the producers performed these activities traditionally and internally. There are many reasons behind the outsourcing like the focus and flexibility of the companies can be improved; the world-class capabilities can be accessed and the risk can be shared with a partner company. Many CEOs use to struggle to implement the outsourcing strategies in spite of knowing the advantages of outsourcing. As per Pyzik and Mar (2012), there are some biggest advantages of outsourcing according to the retailers and they are: high level of experience can be accessed by their companies; the workers become more talented and can think out of the conventional way; more resources can be gained and they become aware of the technology of art. However, along with many advantages and benefits, the retailers may face some risks which can affect the various business processes in a negative way. There are four areas which can cause the potential risks and they are I) competition II) lost of the production initiatives III) risks of transferring various products by ships and others in another companies IV) the numerous factors of strategies of offshore outsourcing (Dolgui and Proth 2013). In case of retail international company that operates overseas, the value of the company will be increased due to the impact of outsourcing (Lukic 2012). There are not much negative impacts of outsourcing strategies on the retail sector. For instance, where a third party is allowed to manage the business, it is easy for that company to gain access all the important data and information of the company and take the control over that company. According to Gaspareniene, Remeikiene, and Startiene (2014), there are three basic factors that can create an impact on the outsourcing process of a business. The first factor is the financial factors in which unexpected costs are dealt with. The second factor is the strategic factors in which the potential concentration loss on a businesss core activities and flexibilities are addressed. The third factors are other factors which includes the issues of safety and security and the in-house employee turnovers. The outsourcing of the non-core business activities of a retails sector can make sense as the main function of retail sector is to sale the products. However, the process of outsourcing in retail sectors is accompanied with risks. Quality Management Total quality management is an essential process of every organization. As pet the definition of quality management by Miller (1996), Quality management is an ongoing process where the management takes all necessary steps to include all the member of the organization in performing duties in order to achieve the objective and establish standards which is needed to meet the needs and expectations of the customers both internally and externally. The measurement of a firms success depends on various factors like how effectively they are managing and improving the quality of the business; how effectively the customers needs are satisfied; the maximization of the productivity by minimizing the costs; decrease the scrap and warranty cost from the operation; the increase in sales by the introduction of flexible prices; improvement of reputation; increase in profitability and many others. Quality is an important aspect to the small business retailers as they vastly depend on the good quality of goods and services to compete with their small as well as large competitors. Thus, quality can be considered as a strategic weapon or tool to get the competitive advantage over the competitors (Heckl et al. 2010). In order to get success and high profitability, the companies should follow five principles. They are measurement of performance, orientation of customers, continuous improvement, involvement of the employees, purchasing and supply management. The retail sectors have many factors that can have implications for quality. They are liability of products by reducing risks, relationship between the retailer and the suppliers, various practices of employees and the global effects of competition ability. Improved satisfaction of the customers, teamwork, productivity, effective communication and efficiency generates a lot of advantages in the retail sector and the retailers need to demonstrates their position in the market to gain these advantages (Idris, Mcewan, and Belvendram 1996). Now-a-days, some major challenges are faced by the retail sector. There are some CEOs and their subordinates who consider the management as the waste of time. According to them, setting up of functional and influential programs for the development of quality management is very mush difficult. Some solutions of these quality management issues are recommended for the insurance industry. As per Zaki (2010), one should emphasis on the need of creating awareness about the quality management department and there should have a specific budget for the quality improvement. As per the dissertation, there should be teaching and training session about the principles of quality for each and every member of an organization; the quality department should take the responsibility to resolve all the quality related issues. As per Zaki (2010), this process will cause in a large improvement in quality control and the company will be benefitted from this. References Dolgui, A., Proth, J. M., 2013. Outsourcing: Definitions and Analysis. Internal Auditor, [e-journal] 51(23/24), p 67696777. Available through: Dublin Institute of Technology Databasehttps://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5868eee4-b37e-4371-9858-ffe40641da87%40sessionmgr110vid=24hid=115 [Accessed 26 October 2015]. Gaspareniene, L., Remeikiene, R., Startiene, G., 2014. Factors Determining Employment Outsourcing in Public and Private Sectors. Engineering Economics, [e-journal] 25(2), p 203210. Available through: Dublin Institute of Technology Database https://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5868eee4-b37e-4371-9858-ffe40641da87%40sessionmgr110vid=27hid=115 [Accessed 27 October 2015]. Heckl, D., Moormann, J., Rosemann, M., 2010. Uptake and Success Factors of six signs in the retail service industry. Business Process Management Journal, [online] Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/14637151011049449 [Accessed 27 October 2015]. Idris, M., Mcewan,W., Belavendram, N., 1996. The Adoption of ISO 9000 and LukiĆ¡, R., 2012. Outsourcing in Retail.Economic Review: Journal of Economics Business,[e-journal] 10(1), p 63-75. Available through: Dublin Institute of Technology Database https://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5868eee4-b37e-4371-9858-ffe40641da87%40sessionmgr110vid=21hid=115 [Accessed 25 October 2015]. Miller, W.J., 1996. A Working Definition for Total Quality Management (TQM) Researchers.Journal of Quality Management,[e-journal] 1(2), p 149. Available through: Dublin Institute of Technology Database https://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=dbdab3bd-2663-420c-8a88-b7f5156b08ed%40sessionmgr4003vid=2hid=4112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=9611082635db=bth [Accessed 04 November 2015]. Pyzik, K., Mar, S., 2012. The Pros and Cons of Outsourcing. International Journal of Production Research, [e-journal] 69(2), p 21-23 . Available through: Dublin Institute of Technology Database https://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5868eee4-b37e-4371-9858-ffe40641da87%40sessionmgr110vid=18hid=115 [Accessed 25 October 2015]. Total Quality Management in Malaysia. The TQM Magazine, [e-journal] 8(5), p 65-68. Available through: Dublin Institute of Technology Database https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/09544789610146079 [Accessed 08 November 2015]. Williams, N., 1997. ISO 9000 as a Route to TQM in Small to Medium-sized Enterprises: Snake or Ladder?. The TQM Magazine, [e-journal] 9(1), p 8-13 . Available through: Dublin Institute of Technology Database https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/09544789710159380 [Accessed 08 November 2015]. Zaki, A., 2010. Quality management and its role in development of the companies. Ph. D. International Virtual University.

Essay On The Renaissance And Discovery Period Example For Students

Essay On The Renaissance And Discovery Period Renaissance and Discovery I The Renaissance in Italy A. The renaissance was the period when people began to adopt a rational and statistical approach to reality and rediscovered the worth and creativity of the individual. Most scholars agree that the Renaissance (which means rebirth in French) was a transition from medieval to modern times. Before the change, Europe was a fragmented feudal society with an agricultural economy with a church who dominated their thoughts and culture. Once the change happened, Europe was a growing nation, an urban economy, and people had new opinions on thought, ultra, and religion. The Italian Renaissance began with the deaths of Patriarch (the father of humanism) and Biochip (author of the Decadence). With that, the Florentine humanist culture spread through Italy and into northern Europe. Scholars considered civic humanism describe the coalescence of humanism and civic reform. 1. The Renaissance first shaped up within the merchant cities of late medieval Italy. Italy had a cultural advantage over the rest of Europe because it had a natural gateway between East and West. Once commerce revived on a large scale, their recreants quickly mastered the business skills in organization, book keeping, scouting new markets, and securing monopolies. The trade-rich cities became powerful city-states and dominated the political and economic life around the area. The endemic warfare spawned assisted the growth of Italian cities and urban culture. The factions might have subdued the cities as they permitted each other to concentrate on. Instead, they decided to weaken each other which strengthened the merchant oligarchies of the cities. Unlike cities which were dominated by kings and princes, the Italian cities remained free to expand their own. Five major, competitive states evolved: the duchy of Milan, the republics of Florence and Venice, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples. Social strife and competition for political power intensified that most evolved into despotisms in order to survive. Florence was the best example of social division and anarchy. Four social groups existed within the city; the old rich, or grand, the nobles, and merchants who ruled the city. In the late 13th and early 14th centuries they began to challenge the old rich for political power. In 1457 about 30,000 people were officially considered paupers, which meant having o wealth at all. These divisions caused conflict to every level of society which added to fear of foreign intrigue. True stability did not return until the ascent to power of the Florentine banker and statesman in 1434. Medici was the wealthiest Florentine and natural statesman who controlled the city internally behind the scenes, manipulating the constitution and influencing elections. A council which was known as the Signori governed the city, these men were chosen from the most powerful guilds representing the major clothing industries, or other groups like bankers, judges, and doctors. Medici was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signori. His grandson Lorenz the Magnificent ruled Florence in almost totalitarian fashion during the last chaotic quarter of the 15th century. To prevent internal social conflict strongmen or despots. Their purpose was to maintain law and order. Since despots couldnt count on the loyalty of the populace, they worked through mercenary armies through military brokers known as conditioner. Not only was a despot subject to dismissal by oligarchies which hired him, but he was also a popular object of assassination attempts. Most city-states ambassadors not only represented them in ceremonies and negotiations, but became their watchful eyes and ears at rival courts. Such widespread support occurred because of the main requirement for patronage of the arts and letters was what Italian cities had in abundance:great wealth. 2. Some scholars believe humanists were the champions of Catholic Christianity, opposed to the pagan teachings of Aristotle and the Scholasticism his writings nurtured. To others, it was a neutral form of historical scholarship adopted to promote above all sense of responsibility and political liberty. Humanism was the study of the Latin and Greek classics and the ancient Church Fathers for its own sake and in hope of reviving respect ancient norms and values. The Florentine Leonardo Bruin gave the name humanists to the learning that resulted from scholarly pursuits. Bruin was a star student of Manuel Chrysalis, the Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to humanists when he taught in Florence. The first humanists were orators and poets who wrote original literature in classical and vernacular languages inspired by and modeled on the newly discovered works of the ancients. The study of classical and Christian antiquity existed before the Italian Renaissance. These precedents only partially compared with the achievements of the Italian Renaissance of the 14th/1 5th centuries. Unlike their Scholastic rivals, humanists were less bound to recent tradition; nor did they focus their attention on summarizing and comparing the views of recognized authorities. Italian humanists made the full riches of Greek and Latin antiquity available to contemporary scholars. Patriarch was the father of humanism. He was involved in a popular revolt in Rome and served the Viscount family in Milan. The American RenaissanceThe peace that the Treaty of Load made possible ended in 1494 when Naples threatened Milan. Ludicrous made made a fatal response to these political alignments by appealing to the French for aid. Breaking an Italian rule, he invited the French to re-enter Italy and revive their dynastic claim to Naples. He hadnt noticed that France also had dynastic claims to Milan or how there would be more French territory once they encamped in Italy. 2. The French king Louis XSL resisted the temptation to invade Italy while keeping French dynastic claims in Italy alive. Such appeasement only brought about Piers exile by a citizenry that was revolutionized by a radical Dominican preacher (Savonarola). Savonarola convinced the fearful Florentine that the French kings arrival was a long-delayed and fully Justified divine vengeance on their immorality. This allowed Charles to enter Florence without resistance. N the end, the Florentine proved not to be the stuff theocracies are made of. After the Italian cities reunited and ousted the French invader, Savonarola days were numbered. Eventually he was imprisoned and executed. Ludicrous IL Moor desired a French invasion only so long as it weakened his enemies, he saw events created by himself which threatened Milan. In reaction, he Joined the League of Venice which was strong enough to send Charles into retreat and end the menace he posed to Italy. 3. The French returned to Italy under Charlies successor, Louis XII. Probably the cost corrupt pope who ever sat on the papal throne, he openly promoted the poli tical careers of Cesar and Lecturer Barrio. In Roman the popes ally within the League of Venice continued to contest the Papal States for their loyalty. Seeing that French alliance would allow him to reestablish control, Alexander secured French favor. He annulled Louis Xis marriage to Charles Vics sister so he could marry Charlies widow (Anne of Brittany). Most important Alexander agreed to abandon the League of Venice. In exchange, Cesar Barrio received the sister of the king of Invader. Cesar also received land grants from Louis XII and the promise of French military aid in Roman. All was a scandalous trade-off that made it possible for the French king and the pope to realize their ambitions within Italy. In 1500 Louis and Ferdinand of Argon divided Naples between them and the pop and Cesar Barrio conquered the cities of Roman without opposition. Alexander victorious son was given the title duke of Roman. 4. Cardinal Giuliani Della Revere succeeded Alexander VI as Pope Julius II. Julius raised the Renaissance papacy to its peak of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue, gaining him the title of warrior pope. This humorous account purported to describe the popes unsuccessful efforts to convince Saint Peter that he was worthy of secured the Papal States. Realizing this long sought papal goal, he turned to the second major undertaking of his pontificate: ridding Italy of his former ally, the French invader. The French were nothing besides persistent. They invaded Italy a third time under Louses successor, Francis l. The victory won the Concordat of Bologna fro m the pope in August 1516. This concordat helped keep France Catholic after the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation, but the new French entry into Italy set the stage for the first of four major wars with Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century. 5. The foreign invasions made shambles out of Italy. Machiavelli was more convinced through the more he saw. He became the Italian political unity and independence were ends which Justified any means. Machiavelli was impressed by the way Roman rulers and citizens defended their homeland. They possessed the ability to act decisively and heroically for the good of their country. Such antagonizing of the Roman past exaggerated both ancient virtue and contemporary failings. He also held republican ideals which he didnt want to vanish from Italy. He believed a strong and determined people could struggle successfully with fortune. He scolded the Italian people for the self-destruction their own internal feuding was causing. He wanted an end to that behavior so a reunited Italy could drive all foreign armies out. Its been argued that he wrote The Prince as a cynical satire on the way rulers behave and not as a serious recommendation of unprincipled despotic rule. But Machiavelli seems to have been in earnest when he advised rulers to discover the advantages of fraud and brutality. He apparently hoped to see a strong ruler emerge from the Medici family which had captured the papacy with the pontificate. At the same time, they retained control over the powerful territorial state in Florence. The Prince was pointedly dedicated to Lorenz De Medici, duke of Robin, and grandson of Lorenz the Magnificent. The second Medici pope watched helplessly as the army of Emperor Charles V sacked Rome was also the year of Machiavellian death.